symbolic logic

the systematic use of symbols in logical analysis. In modern symbolic logic, the symbols used are those of mathematics, particularly those of set theory. The language of mathematics is well suited to the investigation of the precise conditions of validity in arguments because it is an artificial language, lacking the connotations and subjective meanings present in a natural language, and because relations between mathematical entities are simple and precisely defined. See logic.

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Psychology term of the day

May 3rd 2024

preconventional level

in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, the first level of moral reasoning, characterized by the child’s evaluation of actions in terms of material consequences. This level is divided into two stages: the earlier punishment and obedience orientation (Stage 1 in Kohlberg’s overall theory), in which moral behavior is that which avoids punishment; and the later naive hedonism (or instrumental relativist orientation; Stage 2), in which moral behavior is that which obtains reward or serves one’s needs. Also called preconventional morality. See also conventional level; postconventional level.