1. the process of establishing norms for a test.

2. the use of uniform procedures in test administration to ensure that all participants take the same test under the same conditions and are scored by the same criteria, which in turn ensures that results can be compared to each other.

3. the transformation of data into a distribution of standardized scores, often one having a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1, which produces derived measures of relative standing and allows for comparison of raw scores from different distributions. The z-score transformation is an example of a standardization.