reward theory
any of a group of hypotheses that focus on the function of satisfying or pleasurable stimuli (i.e., rewards) in learning, approach behavior, and decision making. A general area of psychological study, reward theory has applications in numerous contexts, including interpersonal relationships, clinical diagnosis and treatment, and business. For example, the reward theory of attraction states that people develop strong relationships with those with whom they have positive, fulfilling interactions, particularly when the benefits gained do not require much in return. Similarly, the positive reward theory states that addiction stems from the perception of substances as pleasant and gratifying, and the mutual reward theory of business states that managers and employees work together more productively when each provides the other with something positive in compensation for good performance (e.g., greater independence, public recognition, dependability).
Numerous brain-based mechanisms are believed to be involved in reward-related processes—for example,the neurotransmitter dopamine and neural structures such as the nucleus accumbens and orbitofrontal cortex.