reference group theory
a general conceptual framework that assumes that individuals’ attitudes, values, and self-appraisals are shaped, in part, by their identification with, and comparison to, reference groups. A reference group theory of self-concept, for example, assumes that individuals compare their economic, intellectual, social, and cultural achievements to those attained by members of their reference group. Similarly, a reference group theory of values suggests that individuals adopt the values expressed by the majority of the members of their reference group. [proposed in 1942 by U.S. sociologist Herbert H. Hyman (1918–1985)]