a type of supportive psychotherapy in which the therapist attempts to induce the client to modify faulty attitudes and behavior patterns by appealing to the client’s powers of reasoning, will, and self-criticism. The technique was advocated by Alfred Adler and others, notably Swiss-born French physicians Paul-Charles Dubois (1848–1918) and Joseph Jules Déjerine (1849–1917), as a briefer alternative to reconstructive psychotherapy.