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oral-biting phase

in classical psychoanalytic theory, the second phase of the oral stage of psychosexual development, from about the 8th to the 18th month of life. During this phase, the child begins to feel that he or she is an autonomous person, develops ambivalent attitudes toward the mother, and expresses hostility by biting her breast or the nipple of the bottle. In later childhood, the urge to bite may take the form of nail-biting, spitting, sticking out the tongue, or chewing on a pencil or gum. Also called oral-sadistic phase. Compare oral-sucking phase. See oral sadism. [identified by German psychoanalyst Karl Abraham (1877–1925)]

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Psychology term of the day

February 21st 2025

participants’ rights

participants’ rights

in a study approved by an institutional review board, a set of conditions relating to participants in the study and their role in the research. Participants normally should be informed about the purpose of the study (but see deception research), its procedures (i.e., what specifically is expected to occur) and the associated costs and benefits; that their data from the study will be kept confidential; whom they can contact if they have any concerns about the study; and that they can leave the study at any time without penalty. Also called subjects’ rights. See also informed consent; research ethics.