abilities involved in remembering information, as assessed by tests of free recall (recall of words in any order), serial recall (recall of words in a fixed order), paired-associates learning (recall of a word paired with the word presented), and recognition memory (skill in stating correctly whether a presented word was previously presented on some list). Psychometric data suggest that, typically, various memory abilities are only weakly related to each other. Moreover, implicit memory is largely independent of explicit memory.