mathematics anxiety
apprehensiveness and tension associated with the performance of arithmetic and other mathematical tasks. Often thought to be related to test anxiety, mathematics anxiety has been proposed as an important factor undermining the development of mathematical skills: It frequently causes distress, disrupts the use of working memory for maintaining task focus, negatively affects achievement scores, and potentially results in dislike and avoidance of all math-related tasks. It is seen in students of all ages, regardless of their actual math abilities, and is considered more prevalent in females than males. A number of factors are related to the phenomenon, including low self-esteem and self-efficacy, lack of confidence, trait anxiety, perfectionism, and previous negative experiences with the subject material. Teacher-based instruction that encourages students as they work through a math problem, teaches them effective skills in solving such
problems, and demonstrates that positive attitudes toward mathematics can reduce this type of anxiety. Cooperative learning, computer-assisted instruction, and the use of mathematical games to make the learning process more relaxed are also effective.