the application of psychoanalytic principles (considerably modified from those of classical psychoanalysis) to the treatment of children. In his first and most famous case, Sigmund Freud analyzed 5-year-old Little Hans by having the child answer questions through his father, but Freud never analyzed a child patient directly. Pioneers in the field are Melanie Klein, who developed the psychoanalytic play technique to achieve a deep analysis of the child’s unconscious, and Anna Freud, whose method was more pedagogical and encouraged ego development. See also play therapy.