the layer of gray matter that covers the outside of the cerebral hemispheres in the brain and is associated with higher cognitive functions, such as language, learning, perception, and planning. It consists mostly of neocortex, which has six main layers of cells (see cortical layers); regions of cerebral cortex that do not have six layers are known as allocortex. Differences in the cytoarchitecture of the layers led to the recognition of distinct areas, called Brodmann’s areas, many of which are known to serve different functions.
a study of the relationships between two or more variables across time in which one variable measured at an earlier point in time is examined with regard to a second variable measured at a later point in time, and vice versa. For example, suppose an organizational researcher measures job satisfaction and job performance at the beginning of one fiscal year and at the beginning of a second fiscal year. Examining the correlations between satisfaction and performance at the different times provides information about their possible causal association: If the correlation between high performance at Time 1 and satisfaction at Time 2 is significantly stronger than the correlation between satisfaction at Time 1 and performance at Time 2, it is potentially the case that those who perform better are the ones who subsequently are more satisfied with their jobs.