the inductive method of scientific investigation first set out by Francis Bacon. The method involves the inference of general laws or principles from particular instances observed under controlled conditions (i.e., in experiments). To make sure that any such generalization is valid, the observer must seek not only positive instances of an association between things in which one event or state brings about another, but also negative instances in which the event or state fails to occur in the absence of the other (see method of exclusion; Mill’s canons). Finally, the observer tries to formulate an explanation for the causal connection so established. See inductive reasoning.